2026 WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ESSAY & OBJ SECOND SERIES EXAM

GEOGRAPHY OBJ🇳🇬🇬🇭
• 1. C. one centimetre on the map represents two kilometres on the ground.
• 2. B. 100 metres
• 3. A. 1 : 100,000
• 4. B. 12 kilometres.
• 5. C. North east
• 6. B. nodal town.
• 7. C. Dendritic
• 8. C. South
• 9. B. Keli
• 10. C. OBUO.
• 11. A. 870 mm.
• 12. A. 9 °C
• 13. A. June
• 14. D. December 22nd
• 15. A. 7,770 km
• 16. D. Rift valley
• 17. A. 14 °C
• 18. D. isotherm.
• 19. C. faulting.
• 20. B. active.
• 21. C. parallel to the prevailing wind direction.
• 22. B. Sedimentary
• 23. C. 11:00 a.m.
• 24. A. temperature and precipitation.
• 25. C. Yardang
• 26. D. scree.
• 27. B. moderating influence of the sea.
• 28. A. Prime Meridian
• 29. A. Waterfall
• 30. C. Exfoliation
• 31. D. When the Earth comes directly between the sun and the moon
• 32. D. I and IV only
• 33. D. Volcanic mountain
• 34. B. September 23rd
• 35. A. Mediterranean climate
• 36. A. Tombolo
• 37. D. availability of power and large market.
• 38. C. Effective advertizing of natural attractions
• 39. B. Wheat
• 40. C. clustering of industries.
• 41. A. from villages to towns.
• 42. D. production of similar products.
• 43. B. Low population density
• 44. A. High capacity for passenger traffic
• 45. A. High level of technology and adequate capital
• 46. B. availability of future labour force.
• 47. D. Provision of agricultural products
• 48. A. Climate characteristics
• 49. A. tertiary economic activities.
• 50. C. Generation of revenue and foreign exchange

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(1a)
(i) Climate. Many developing countries lie in the tropics, so they have warm temperatures and long periods of sunshine all year. This attracts tourists from cold temperate regions who want sun, beach holidays and outdoor activities, e.g. the Gambia, Kenya and Ghana.
(ii) Beaches and coastal features. Sandy beaches, lagoons, bays and clear warm waters support swimming, surfing, boating and relaxation. They attract many visitors and encourage the building of resorts, e.g. Lekki and Bar Beach in Nigeria, and the Kenyan coast at Mombasa.
(iii) Relief features (mountains, hills and plateaus). Highlands offer cool weather, beautiful scenery and opportunities for hiking, mountain climbing, skiing and paragliding. Examples are the Obudu Mountain Resort in Nigeria, Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and the Ruwenzori Mountains in Uganda.
(iv) Rivers, lakes and waterfalls. These provide scenery and support boating, fishing, swimming and sightseeing, and the falls can also generate hydroelectric power. Examples are Victoria Falls on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border, Lake Victoria, Kainji Lake and the Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls.
(v) Vegetation and wildlife. Savanna grasslands and forests shelter animals such as elephants, lions, giraffes and monkeys. These are protected in game reserves and national parks, where tourists go on safari, e.g. Serengeti (Tanzania), Masai Mara (Kenya) and Yankari Game Reserve (Nigeria).

(1b)
(i) Source of foreign exchange. Tourists spend foreign currencies on hotels, food, transport and souvenirs. This improves the country’s balance of payments and strengthens its currency, e.g. in Kenya, Egypt and Tanzania.
(ii) Provision of employment. Tourism creates jobs for hotel workers, tour guides, drivers, security men, game rangers and craft sellers. This reduces unemployment and raises incomes.
(iii) Source of government revenue. Government earns money from entrance fees, visa fees and hotel taxes and licences. This revenue is used to provide schools, roads and hospitals.
(iv) Development of infrastructure. Governments and investors build or improve roads, airports, electricity, water supply and telecommunications to serve tourist areas. These facilities also benefit local people.
(v) Development of local industries. Tourists create demand for crafts, food, agricultural produce and transport services. This encourages local production of items like carvings, cloth and souvenirs, and boosts farming.

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(2a)
Population distribution is the way people are spread over the earth’s surface or over a given area. It shows where people live, whether they are concentrated or sparsely settled, e.g. dense in the Niger Delta and sparse in the Sahara.

(2b)
(i) Housing problems. Housing cannot keep pace with the rapid growth, so there is overcrowding. Many people live in slums and shanty settlements with poor sanitation, e.g. Makoko in Lagos.
(ii) Unemployment and underemployment. There are more job seekers than jobs available. Many people become idle or engage in street trading, causing poverty and crime.
(iii) Strain on social amenities. Water, electricity, schools, hospitals and waste disposal become inadequate for the large numbers. This results in water shortages, power failures and poor health services.
(iv) Traffic congestion. The growing number of people and vehicles overloads the roads. This leads to long delays, accidents and air pollution.

(2c)
(i) High birth rate. Early marriage, lack of family planning and low use of contraceptives lead to high fertility. Many women have children throughout their reproductive years.
(ii) Declining death rate. Improved medical care, immunisation, clean water and control of diseases like malaria and smallpox have reduced deaths. More people now survive to old age.
(iii) Preference for large families. Children provide cheap farm labour and support parents in old age. Polygamy also increases the number of children.
(iv) Religious and cultural beliefs. Many societies see children as a blessing or a sign of wealth, and some oppose birth control. Large families also raise a person’s social status.
(v) Improved food supply and living standards. Better farming methods, storage and food distribution reduce death from hunger and malnutrition. This supports population increase.

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(3a)
(i) Water supply. People settle near rivers, lakes, springs and wells because water is needed for drinking, farming, cooking and industry. Examples are settlements along the River Nile and River Niger.
(ii) Fertile soil and favourable climate. Fertile land supports farming and food production, so it supports large populations, e.g. the Nile Valley and the Kano plains.
(iii) Trade and commerce. Settlements at markets, ports and trade routes grow rapidly because of business activity, e.g. Lagos, Mombasa and Onitsha.
(iv) Mineral resources and industries. Mining and manufacturing attract workers and related services, e.g. Jos (tin), Enugu (coal) and Johannesburg (gold).
(v) Transport and communication. Road, rail, air and water junctions make movement and trade easy, so settlements grow around them, e.g. Kaduna and Makurdi.

(3b)
(i) Small population size. Rural settlements have few people and low population density compared with urban areas.
(ii) Agriculture is the main occupation. Most people are farmers, fishermen, hunters or herdsmen, so most of the land is used for farming.
(iii) Houses are built with local materials. Mud, thatch, bamboo and wood are common, and houses are usually simple, low and made of few rooms.
(iv) Poor social amenities. There are few or no good roads, electricity, pipe-borne water, hospitals, schools or recreation facilities.
(v) Strong family and social ties. Most residents know one another and are related, and they share customs, language and communal activities. Traditional rulers and elders are respected.

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(4a)
(i) LAGOS STATE on the south-west coast – destination region noted for rural-urban migration
(ii) LAGOS (major town / Ikeja) – the major town in Lagos State

(4b)
(i) Development of rural areas. Government should provide roads, electricity, water, schools and hospitals in villages. This reduces rural-urban migration and eases pressure on cities.
(ii) Provision of adequate housing. Government and private developers should build affordable housing estates and replace slums. This reduces overcrowding and improves living conditions.
(iii) Creation of employment opportunities. Industries and other businesses should be established in smaller towns and rural areas, and skills training and agriculture should be supported. This reduces unemployment and crime in cities.
(iv) Improvement of social amenities and infrastructure. Water supply, electricity, healthcare, schools and waste disposal should be expanded to match population needs. Roads and public transport should also be improved to reduce traffic congestion.
(v) Proper urban planning and decentralisation. Government should create satellite towns and new growth centres, and relocate some industries and offices from big cities. Land use laws and building regulations should be enforced, e.g. the planning of Abuja.

(4c)
Calculation of population density
Formula:
Population density = Total population ÷ Total land area
Working:
Population = 560 million = 560,000,000
Area = 1,400,000 km²
Population density = 560,000,000 ÷ 1,400,000
= 560 ÷ 1.4
= 400 persons per square kilometre
= 400 persons/km²

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(5a)
Mixed farming is a system of agricultural production where the cultivation of crops and the rearing of livestock are practiced simultaneously on the same piece of land under a single farm management system. In this setup, the crop and animal enterprises are closely integrated to support each other (e.g., growing maize while raising cattle, poultry, or goats).

(5b)
(i) Integration of Crop and Livestock Sub-systems: The system relies on a dual-production strategy where arable farming and animal husbandry are physically close and functionally linked on the same holding.
(ii) Mutual Interdependence and Recycling: There is a highly efficient internal loop of resources where crop residues (like maize husks, potato vines, or hay) serve as animal feed, while animal droppings (manure) are returned to the soil to improve nutrients.
(iii) Continuous Year-Round Labor Demand: Unlike seasonal monoculture, mixed farming requires uninterrupted daily attention throughout the year to manage crop seasons alongside constant tasks like milking, feeding, and cleaning livestock pens.
(iv) Diversification of Output and Risk: The system does not depend on a single harvest. It spreads operational risk by producing a varied range of items (grains, tubers, vegetables, meat, milk, and eggs), protecting against total failure.
(v) Regional Variations Across Nigeria: The practice varies heavily by ecological zone; in the northern savanna regions, it often involves cattle integrated with grains like millet and sorghum, while in the southern rainforest zones, it typically features small ruminants (sheep and goats) or poultry alongside root crops like cassava and yams.

(5c)
(i) Maintenance of Natural Soil Fertility: The direct application of organic animal manure enhances soil structure, biological activity, and water retention capacity, which drastically reduces a farmer’s reliance on expensive chemical fertilizers.
(ii) Economic Cushion Against Market and Climate Risks: If environmental disasters like drought, pests, or disease wipe out seasonal crops, or if market prices crash, the farmer can fall back on livestock sales to maintain household income and avoid total ruin.
(iii) Reduction in Cost of Agricultural Inputs: Because leftovers, crop failures, and weeds can be channeled directly into livestock fodder, the expenditure on commercial feeds is heavily reduced, making it highly self-sustaining.
(iv) Enhanced Household Nutritional Security: This system offers a steady supply of well-balanced, nutrient-dense food products (proteins from meat/eggs/milk and carbohydrates/vitamins from crops) for the farming family, leading to better nutrition and continuous income outside regular harvest intervals.

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(6ai)
LOW RAINFALL REGION – North-Eastern Nigeria (Borno / Yobe area, Sahel/Sudan savanna). Receives low annual rainfall, usually less than 750mm per year.

(6aii)
HIGH RAINFALL REGION – South coastal region (Niger Delta / South-South coast). Receives high annual rainfall, usually over 2000mm per year, tropical rainforest climate.

(6aiii)
Major town in 6(a)(ii) – PORT HARCOURT (also acceptable: Calabar, Warri, Lagos, Benin City, Yenagoa)

(6b)
(i) Latitude (distance from the equator). Nigeria lies between about latitudes 4°N and 14°N. Places nearer the equator, such as the south, receive more direct sunlight and more rainfall, while those farther north become drier and have a wider temperature range.
(ii) Distance from the sea (nearness to the ocean). Coastal areas are cooler, more humid and wetter because of moist air from the Atlantic Ocean. Inland and northern areas are drier and hotter, with larger temperature ranges.
(iii) Prevailing winds (air masses). The moist tropical maritime (MT) south-westerly winds bring rain in the wet season. The dry, dusty tropical continental (CT) north-easterly (Harmattan) winds bring dry conditions and dusty haze from December to February.
(iv) Altitude (relief). Temperature falls with height, at about 1°C for every 150 metres. Highland areas such as the Jos Plateau, the Obudu Plateau and the Mambilla Plateau are cooler than lowland areas, and highlands also affect rainfall (relief rainfall).

(6c)
(i) Supplies water for crop growth. Rain provides the moisture crops need to germinate, grow and mature. Most Nigerian farming depends on rain, so crops such as yam, cassava, maize and cocoa thrive in rainy areas.
(ii) Supports the growth of pasture and animal feed. Rain makes grasses and fodder grow for livestock such as cattle, goats and sheep, and it supplies drinking water for animals. This supports livestock rearing, especially in the savanna.
(iii) Replenishes rivers, streams and groundwater for irrigation. Rainfall fills rivers, dams and wells, which farmers use for dry-season farming and fishing. This allows farming and fish production throughout the year.

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